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nigelosberry
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Joined: 06 Jan 2009
Posts: 88
Location: Ggn, IN
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Hi,
Everything(including literals) that is referenced in a control section has to be resolved into (base adress + displacement) at the time of assembly.
Is it possible to have a control section which has literals referenced in it but the control section does not have "LTORG ," statement used towards the end. Please note that there has to be only 1 CSECT in the source file.
I tried to do something like this in a test program but got the expected assembler error ASMA307E: No active USING for operand =C'0123456
So far I have got different opinions on this topic. I am a bit confused. Will appreciate opinions from the forum.
The test program is pasted below:
| Code: |
YREGS
*
ROUTNT CSECT
ROUTNT RMODE 24
ROUTNT AMODE 24
*
SETUP EQU *
STM R14,R12,12(R13) * SAVE CALLER'S REGS
USING *,R12 * R12 IS BASE
BALR R12,R0 * START FROM HERE
*
ST R13,SAVEA+4 * SAVE CALLER'S SAVE AREA ADDR
LA R13,SAVEA * LOAD LOCAL SAVE AREA ADDR
*
MAIN EQU *
WTO 'ROUTNT STARTED..'
CLC FILL1(10),=C'0123456789'
WTO 'ROUTNT ENDED OK.'
*
EXIT EQU *
L R13,SAVEA+4 * LOAD CALLER'S SAVE AREA ADDR
LM R14,R12,12(R13) * RESTORE CALLER'S REGS
LA R15,0 * LOAD RETURN CODE
BR R14 * RETURN TO CALLER
*
WORK EQU *
SAVEA DS 18F
FILL1 DC CL78'<=WORK AREA ENDS HERE.'
*
END ROUTNT |
[/code] |
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Bill O'Boyle
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Joined: 14 Jan 2008
Posts: 2501
Location: Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Place an LTORG after the FILL1 label and move the BALR before the USING.
Without viewing the Assembly, that's all that can be advised.
R12 is your CSECT base and all literals are defined to R12.
Are you DROPPING R12 somewhere in the code?
That would do it....
Bill |
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nigelosberry
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Joined: 06 Jan 2009
Posts: 88
Location: Ggn, IN
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| Bill O'Boyle wrote: |
Place an LTORG after the FILL1 label and move the BALR before the USING.
Without viewing the Assembly, that's all that can be advised.
R12 is your CSECT base and all literals are defined to R12.
Are you DROPPING R12 somewhere in the code?
That would do it....
Bill |
Thanks Bill.
The code will indeed run when changed as per your suggestion. But please have a look at my question again. My question is "Whether it is possible to successfully assemble this program without the use of LTORG statement?"
I know there are a few issues with this code:
1) BALR should be placed before using(but it does not affect assembly).
2) R12 is not dropped anywhere. |
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enrico-sorichetti
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Joined: 14 Mar 2007
Posts: 10888
Location: italy
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| Quote: |
| So far I have got different opinions on this topic. I am a bit confused. Will appreciate opinions from the forum. |
seems You forgot to ask the only one worth listening to .... the manual 
publibz.boulder.ibm.com/cgi-bin/bookmgr_OS390/BOOKS/ASMR1020/5.31?SHELF=ASMSH030&DT=20080711003624
run two assemblies (1) with the ltorg (2) without
You will see in case (1)
| Code: |
Symbol Type Id Address Length Owner Id Flags Alias-of
PC 00000001 00000000 00000000 00
ROUTNT SD 00000002 00000000 0000014A 01
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a private ( unnamed ) csect with length 0
a named csect with length ( program length + literal pool length )
while in case (2)
| Code: |
Symbol Type Id Address Length LD ID Flags Alias-of
PC 00000001 00000000 0000000A 00
ROUTNT SD 00000002 00000010 0000013E 01
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a private ( unnamed ) csect with length (literal pool length )
a named csect with length ( program length )
the behavior has been there for ages - just tested with
MVS38J and IFOX00
MVS38J and TACHYON assembler
OS/390 2.9 and HLASM R3.0 (PTF UQ46683)
and IIRC there is no way to address an unnamed csect |
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Garry Carroll
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Joined: 08 May 2006
Posts: 1205
Location: Dublin, Ireland
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You need a LTORG statement somewhere in the code after the literals. If it's omitted, the literals are placed after the CSECT's END statement.
Why would you want to leave the LTORG statement out anyway? The only variation of placement of LTORG that I've come across is to move it, say, between the BR R14 and the define constant for WORK. This was a 'tweak' done because some of the the literals were just past addressability. Moving them earlier managed to keep everything within addressable bounds, so an extra base register was not needed.
Garry. |
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Bill O'Boyle
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Location: Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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If you don't specify an LTORG, then literals will be stacked after the END statement by the Assembler. I just confirmed this with a small sub-program of under 4K.
Note that it's always a good idea to specify LTORG's and is a requirement for every 4K of addressability if the program exceeds 4K. Otherwise, you'll get an addressability error during Assembly.
A quick observance. Instead of using R12 as your base, use (for example), R3 instead.
The reason for this suggestion is because, if you ever decide to make the program/sub-program LE compliant, R12 contains the address of the LE "CAA" (Common Anchor Area).
Bill |
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enrico-sorichetti
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Joined: 14 Mar 2007
Posts: 10888
Location: italy
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| Quote: |
If you don't specify an LTORG, then literals will be stacked after the END statement by the Assembler. I just confirmed this with a small sub-program of under 4K.
Note that it's always a good idea to specify LTORG's and is a requirement for every 4K of addressability if the program exceeds 4K. Otherwise, you'll get an addressability error during Assembly. |
I beg to differ...
if You do not specify a LTORG You get the error message
whatever the csect size the Literal pool will be generated in a private csect at the end of the <current> csect
the only thing necessary is the proper addressing coverage of the whole csect
tested added some more registers to the USING and adding two 4000 bytes coinstants
tested with ltorg and without
here are the relevant using and csects maps
with the ltorg
| Code: |
Stmt -----Location----- Action ----------------Using----------------- Reg Max Last Label and Using Text
Count Id Type Value Range Id Disp Stmt
25 00000004 00000002 USING ORDINARY 00000004 00001000 00000002 12 000EC 50 *,R12,R11,R10,R9,R8
25 00000004 00000002 USING ORDINARY 00001004 00001000 00000002 11 00000
25 00000004 00000002 USING ORDINARY 00002004 00001000 00000002 10 0003C 39
25 00000004 00000002 USING ORDINARY 00003004 00001000 00000002 9 00000
25 00000004 00000002 USING ORDINARY 00004004 00001000 00000002 8 00000
Symbol Type Id Address Length Owner Id Flags Alias-of
PC 00000001 00000000 00000000 00
ROUTNT SD 00000002 00000000 0000204A 01 |
without
| Code: |
Stmt -----Location----- Action ----------------Using----------------- Reg Max Last Label and Using Text
Count Id Type Value Range Id Disp Stmt
25 00000014 00000002 USING ORDINARY 00000014 00001000 00000002 12 000EC 50 *,R12,R11,R10,R9,R8
25 00000014 00000002 USING ORDINARY 00001014 00001000 00000002 11 00000
25 00000014 00000002 USING ORDINARY 00002014 00001000 00000002 10 00000
25 00000014 00000002 USING ORDINARY 00003014 00001000 00000002 9 00000
25 00000014 00000002 USING ORDINARY 00004014 00001000 00000002 8 00000
Symbol Type Id Address Length Owner Id Flags Alias-of
PC 00000001 00000000 0000000A 00
ROUTNT SD 00000002 00000010 0000203A 01
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Ronald Burr
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The "problem" is that by coding the YREGS statement BEFORE the CSECT statement, you have, in effect, established TWO CSECTS - with the first one being unnamed.
Since YREGS does nothing more than equate R* names to the general registers, it does not have to be coded before the first CSECT.
If you move it to just after the AMODE instruction, you will end up with only ONE CSECT, and will not need the LTORG statement. To echo Enrico's post, the result will be:
| Code: |
External Symbol Dictionary
Symbol Type Id Address Length Owner Id Flags Alias-of
ROUTNT SD 00000001 00000000 000000FA 01 |
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enrico-sorichetti
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Joined: 14 Mar 2007
Posts: 10888
Location: italy
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good catch Ronald !
sometimes little details go unnoticed... I just overlooked the YREGS before the CSECT
and as said in the manual
| Quote: |
| a literal pool generated after the END statement is created at the end of the first control section |
and since YREGS blahblahblah
retestes moving the YREGS after the CSECT and
| Code: |
Symbol Type Id Address Length Owner Id Flags Alias-of
ROUTNT SD 00000001 00000000 0000204A 01 |
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Ronald Burr
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And the manual also states
Instructions that establish the first section: Any instruction that affects the location counter, or uses its current value, establishes the beginning of the first executable section. The instructions that establish the first section include any machine instruction and the following assembler instructions: CCW CCW0 CCW1 CNOP CSECT CXD DC DS
EQU
LOCTR LTORG ORG RSECT START USING.
CSECT, RSECT, and START start a possibly named control section. The other statements start an unnamed control section. |
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nigelosberry
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Joined: 06 Jan 2009
Posts: 88
Location: Ggn, IN
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| Bill O'Boyle wrote: |
A quick observance. Instead of using R12 as your base, use (for example), R3 instead.
The reason for this suggestion is because, if you ever decide to make the program/sub-program LE compliant, R12 contains the address of the LE "CAA" (Common Anchor Area).
Bill |
Great observation!! I never thought about this possibility before.
One reason is that in my installation most of the existing programs are already using R12 as the base. So I am just trying to follow a sort of standard. But yes this is indeed something worth rethinking. |
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Bill O'Boyle
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Location: Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Ron,
All my YREGS and DFHREGS will now be located at the end of the program.
Good find....
Thanks,
Bill |
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Robert Sample
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Location: Dubuque, Iowa, USA
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| Many old-time Assembler programmers used 12 as the base register as 15, 14, and 13 were already in use. With LE, however, their coding needs to be updated. |
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nigelosberry
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Joined: 06 Jan 2009
Posts: 88
Location: Ggn, IN
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I placed the "YREGS" below Csect and removed the LTORG instruction. The program assembled OK with literals going at the end of the csect.
Thanks a lot for the comments guys!  |
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